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April 06, 2006

The Gospel of Judas

Now here's a thing. Archaeologists have discovered a new Gospel in the Egyptian deserts. Radiocarbon dating, multispectral imaging, ink analysis, and linguistic style have convinced Coptic scholars of its authenticity. It's 1,700 years old, 26 pages, and tells the story of Judas.

Yeah, that one.

According to the Gospel of Judas, there was no betrayal, only an intimacy between master and student that the other disciples couldn't match. Christ confided in Judas alone that ensuring the Messiah's death would allow the disciple to exceed all the others, as it would free Jesus from the humanity that constrains him). This was the gnostic point of view, and since Jesus's death was obviously always part of God's plan, it retains a certain resonance, and was more powerful in the years after his death. After all, it's a bit weird to assume the primary enabler of Christ's purpose sinister:

"You can see how early Christians could say, if Jesus's death was all part of God's plan, then Judas's betrayal was part of God's plan," said Ms. King, the author of several books on the Gospel of Mary. "So what does that make Judas? Is he the betrayer, or the facilitator of salvation, the guy who makes the crucifixion possible?"

Indeed, there are certain hints that this is how it should've been understood all along, and some even think the others apostles were perfectly aware of the score:

"Correctly understood, there's nothing undermining about the Gospel of Judas," [James M. Robinson..the general editor of the English edition of the Nag Hammadi library] said in a telephone interview. He said that the New Testament gospels of John and Mark both contain passages that suggest that Jesus not only picked Judas to betray him, but actually encouraged Judas to hand him over to those he knew would crucify him.

Mainstream Christianity tends to scorn this view, which is a bit problematic. As it is, uniting the various perspectives on Judas would actually strengthen the case for Biblical authenticity, or at least coherency. To many chefs contemporaneous gospels spoil the soup theology.

Instead, what we've got are literally hundreds of books, all claiming authenticity, most arbitrarily escised from the canon by political conferences of Church elders that took place far later, and in a much different context, than the events and narratives at hand. Given all that, what;s been codified as Christian theology is more the result of sectarian/political struggle than divine inspiration. And the more authentic, well-dated, and contradictory documents that appear, the more problematic the Christian canon's assumption of authority becomes.

April 6, 2006 | Permalink

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Comments

Interesting, if only in an academic sense. I mean, somehow I doubt this will change many minds in one direction or the other.

It reminds me of a science fiction story I've read, actually. The premise was an immortal (err, immortal in a sense not unlike vampirism) reminiscing about an encounter she had with Jesus and his followers when events in the 1920s brought them back. Her side of the story was a lot like this. I only saw this story once, years ago, but either the writer's version of Jesus or the narrator put it something like this — the other disciples may have loved him enough to give their lives for him, but Judas was the only one who would give his soul.

Posted by: Cyrus | Apr 6, 2006 1:46:50 PM

Wow. Life imitates Borges:

God, argues Nils Runeberg, stooped to become man for the redemption of the human race; we might well then presume that the sacrifice effected by Him was perfect, not invalidated or attenuated by omissions. To limit His suffering to the agony of one afternoon on the cross is blasphemous. To claim that He was man, and yet was incapable of sin, is to fall into contradiction; the attributes impeccabilitas and humanitas are incompatible....God was made totally man, but man to the point of iniquity, man to the point of reprobation and the Abyss. In order to save us, He could have chosen any of the lives that weave the confused web of history: He could have been Alexander or Pythagoras or Rurik or Jesus; he chose an abject existence: He was Judas.

Posted by: Tom Hilton | Apr 6, 2006 1:48:22 PM

Instead, what we've got are literally hundreds of books, all claiming authenticity, most arbitrarily escised from the canon by political conferences of Church elders that took place far later, and in a much different context, than the events and narratives at hand.

This simply isn't true. The four canonical gospels are considered by almost all scholars to be the earliest, and were excepted as the canonical gospels by the Orthodox Church Fathers from very early times (at least from Irenaeus in the late 2nd century. The other gospels were never included in any canonical collection, and are mostly considered to be much later, and frequently derivative of the canonical gospels.

Posted by: John | Apr 6, 2006 1:52:52 PM

In a many dark hour
I've been thinkin' about this
That Jesus Christ
Was betrayed by a kiss
But I can't think for you
You'll have to decide
Whether Judas Iscariot
Had God on his side.

Posted by: Bob Dylan | Apr 6, 2006 2:04:37 PM

As far as the Christian religion being less divine inspiration than politics: Its been submerged in that quag since Genesis. The Christian/Judaic patriarchy took the symbols of the Goddess cultures and subverted them as symbols of evil in their new religions(ie-the snake, a symbol of rebirth by shedding its skin anew each year, becomes the purveyor of sin and woman is now the first to bite!). These religions reflect both the beauty and absurdity of the religio-cultural experience of the times. And of course, religion took center stage in the governments as well. Did you know reincarnation was part of the Christian religion until the 3rd century? Its amazing that the essence of these spiritual masters, Jesus, Buddha, LaoTzu, Mohammed, et al can still shine through all the muck that's heaped upon their souls. Anyway, its nice to know Judas has been exonerated. But good luck convincing the Coalition.

Posted by: Steve Mudge | Apr 6, 2006 2:21:57 PM

THE Canonical Gospels, as if that wasn't exactly what Ezra was saying. People who follow the Bible want to say that the Bible we have is the only Bible there could have been. When in reality we know that deciding what went in and what was kept out was a very political process. We also know that the hierarchy of the Catholic Church, in addition to its focus on ritual and making things easy for peasants to understand, made it ideally suited for propagation. Not to say that their outlook is wrong, just that from an "evolutionary" standpoint, it was better-suited to survival than Gnosticism.

So we have an outlook that is advantageous from an "evolutionary" standpoint and that has a lot of political perspectives that led to it's evolutionary advantage and somehow those political perspectives are exclusively represented in the Gospels that were established as "Canonical". What a shock!! The Canon is politics. If the Gnostics had the system that survived, John the Evangelist would just be some guy who wrote a story and didn't know what he was talking about.

Posted by: spike | Apr 6, 2006 2:30:56 PM

This simply isn't true.
Yes, it is true; there are many texts besides the four gospels in the canon, and many, many more in the apocrypha.

Posted by: TJ | Apr 6, 2006 2:40:28 PM

Arbitralily excised?

This book hails from the 2nd Century. All texts of the Bible come from the 1st Century AD. They are the earliest and at the time most widely read texts in the Christian world. All that came after, came after. Save perhaps for 1 and 2 Clement, none of the other texts have much to offer in the way of early credibility or prominence.

The decision making process was hardly arbitrary.

Posted by: shoelimpy | Apr 6, 2006 2:41:02 PM

This book hails from the 2nd Century. All texts of the Bible come from the 1st Century AD.

That's absolutely not the case. The letters of John, the book of Revelation, Luke, Acts, Hebrews and several other books of the New Testament date from the second century. The earliest books by far are Paul's letters, which do in fact date to the middle of the first century (around the 60s C.E.), but the books contained in the New Testament were written over the course of at least a century, and there are many apocryphal gospels, histories and epistles which predate canonical works but aren't included in the Christian Bible.

Posted by: Iron Lungfish | Apr 6, 2006 3:12:17 PM

And I think it was a little lazy to call the process "arbitrary". There was definitely a political end trying to be reached when they decided which books were "good enough" to be in the New Testament and which weren't.

Posted by: spike | Apr 6, 2006 3:33:15 PM

The only true God is Jah, and he treats me well.

Posted by: Adrock | Apr 6, 2006 3:37:56 PM

If it was discovered, it was done 30 years ago...

" The papyrus containing the text of the 'gospel' appeared about 30 years ago on the Egyptian antiquities market. It had last been heard of in AD180, when Saint Irenaeus, a bishop, condemned it as heretical .

It was recently acquired by the Swiss-based Maecenas Foundation for Ancient Art and the U.S.-based National Geographic magazine, who are behind this week's publication .

The text, which has been translated into English, French and German, is written in Coptic, the language used in Egypt when the country converted to Christianity halfway through the third century AD."

I recommend two books by Robert M. Price. Incredible Shrinking Son of Man: How Reliable Is the Gospel Tradition? and Deconstructing Jesus. Both of which delve into the early origins of the various Christ cults that preceeded what came to be known as the early Christian Church. Especially interesting is the relationship between the Cynics and "Christian" wandering prophets.

Posted by: Stoic | Apr 6, 2006 3:42:37 PM

And I think it was a little lazy to call the process "arbitrary". There was definitely a political end trying to be reached when they decided which books were "good enough" to be in the New Testament and which weren't.

I understood Ezra to mean 'arbitrary' in the sense that the removal of certain books from the canon was based not on intrinsic value but on external considerations (i.e., politics).

Posted by: Tom Hilton | Apr 6, 2006 3:44:23 PM

Tom's got it.

Posted by: Ezra | Apr 6, 2006 4:00:08 PM

I understood Ezra to mean 'arbitrary' in the sense that the removal of certain books from the canon was based not on intrinsic value but on external considerations

(a) That's not what "arbitrary" means. (b) a canon, by definition, is the process of ruling on which books have the greatest contextual value.

Hypothetically, of course, if other genuine letters of the Apostle Paul were discovered, they could, conceivably, be accepted as part of the canon. However, the process of ruling that book are "canonical" is one which decides that "these books do not have any association with our community."

The creation of religious texts of the time could be called arbitrary. The process of canonization was one sought to put a clamp on the arbitrary process of multiplication of books by pointing out which books had an established context within the Christian tradition of the time and which did not. I mean, seriously, anyone want to tell me the early Christian leaders who drew his teachings from the Gospel of Judas? Anyone?

That said, Rawstory nailed this story with their headline "The 1,700 year old Gospel of Judas, out today, claims Christ ordered 'betrayal'." :)

Posted by: Constantine | Apr 6, 2006 4:23:10 PM

Once again, the process of determining which gospels were canonical was not arbitrary, and it was not notably politically motivated. Most scholars today agree that the four canonical gospels are the oldest, by a considerable margin, of the gospel narratives that exist, and that most of the apocryphal gospels are derivative of the canonical ones. A few scholars like a few of the Apocryphal Gospels, and think that they may be based on independent earlier traditions (especially Thomas, which is, it should be noted, not a life of Jesus, but a book of sayings of Jesus).

And all of the Canonical Gospels are clearly older than this "Gospel of Judas" which was supposedly written shortly before Irenaeus (ca.180), while we know from texts that have been discovered that John, the latest of the Gospels, was already in existence by 115 or so, iirc.

I'm not a Christian, but it's ridiculous to present Da Vinci Code style anti-Christian polemic as though it is accepted fact.

Posted by: John | Apr 6, 2006 4:40:19 PM

Arbitrary as in "Arbitration"? I guess most people, me included, think of "on a whim" when they think of arbitrary.

And I don't think it's "Da Vinci Code" to point out some of the weird inconsistencies in what wound up on the canon and what didn't. There have always been debates about what Jesus meant, while he was alive, in the immediate aftermath of his death, 200 years later, and today.

Posted by: spike | Apr 6, 2006 4:48:19 PM

"most arbitrarily escised from the canon by political conferences of Church elders that took place far later"

Every single discussion about the "choosing" of the Christian canon is anachronistic. Every single one. In the 1st century of the Common Era, there was no Pope. Nor in the 2nd, or even the 3rd. The first evidence of the Bishop of Rome gaining any type of serious prestige is in the 4th century, and his influence would be challenged for many more hundreds of years before it would finally be consolidated, and that happened only because of the split between East and West, allowing both the Bishop of Rome and the Patriarch of Constantinople to exercise authority over their respective groups without competition from the other.

There was no huge, powerful, ossified church structure that weighed the merits of all the various "gospels" and such against the political winds of the Roman Empire of the time. The earliest councils were called to discuss the person of Jesus in relation to the God of the Hebrew scriptures.

The collection of writings used in Christian churches in the very early days was dynamic, and the way in which this collection was pared down was very organic. There is plenty of evidence to show that, in large part, the books which make up the Christian Testament were the ones that gained the widest following as being authoritative and accurate for faith and practice. The Christian canon wasn't "officially" closed until the time of the Reformation, when the Council of Trent in 1546 listed the recognized books for the Roman Catholic Bible. However, the canon was effectively closed for a long time, with apostolic authorship being the requirement for inclusion, except for Mark who represents the tradition of Peter and Luke/Acts which was written with such authority and knowledge.

There is no consensus as to the dating of the books of the Christian canon, and I'm not including crazy fundies in that. One of my professors dates the latest of the Christian canon from the early 2nd century, so the idea that part of their appeal was their early writing is not entirely without merit.

Then there's the whole issue of gnosticism. Gnosticism has never been an accepted part of Christianity; to say that it was is to say that so was David Koresh and the KKK and Jim Jones. Not all who claim to be "Christian" should be accorded that name. For all the differences, there is an easily identified unity in the 4 Gospels of the Christian canon, and this unity can be traced throughout the rest. But the Gospel of Judas, the Gospel of Thomas and other writings like them are completely incomprehensible in light of the Christian canon, and that is why they were never included.

I guess my main point is to have everyone take off their tinfoil hats, put down the Da Vinci Code and try to keep whatever problems we might have with the 21st Century Roman Catholic Church out of our assessment of the 1-4th Century sect of those pejoratively called "Christians."

Posted by: Stephen | Apr 6, 2006 4:49:38 PM

The process of canonization was one sought to put a clamp on the arbitrary process of multiplication of books by pointing out which books had an established context within the Christian tradition of the time and which did not.

It's also important to remember that it was not all a top-down process. The cannon Gospels are simpler and much better suited to understanding among the poor in Greece and Rome where Christianity first took hold.

The Gnostic gospels are much more complex and esoteric, probably arising out of the Egyptian mystery cults of pre-christianity. The upper class of Rome had some problems with people joining these mystery cults (most of which were just schemes to get money, sort of like the scientologists).

But also Gnostic thought seems centered around the middle east and on the edges of Persia where there was more familiarity with Buddism so the ideas in the gnostic gospels were more accessable. The gnostic gospels seem to refect an eastern tradition mostly unknown in Greece and Rome.

Posted by: Fledermaus | Apr 6, 2006 4:56:11 PM

I think the discussion above reflects on why lots of people for lots of time have decided that religion shouldn't be argued in public. But those also say that politics shouldn't be either.

So, in the spirit of mixing fuel oil with fertilizer:

What strikes me is that what should be the very essence of Christianity - the sayings of Jesus reflected in the earliest texts - are those parts most often ignored by those on the politico-religious right who want to drag religion into politics. Jesus was a communist or a socialist, or at least a moonbat Liberal. Liberal Liberal Liberal. How's that for anachronistic pushback?

Posted by: JimPortlandOR | Apr 6, 2006 6:40:01 PM

Jim,

If you say that of the current political parties in the USA, the Democrats are the ones who articulate a platform closer to the words and actions of Jesus, then you aren't being anachronistic. You're being rather accurate.

Those on the political right in this country are fighting to retain an entrenched power structure rooted in religious rhetoric and practice. Just as he was in 1st century Palestine, Jesus is a threat to this power structure. The only difference is that he is now abused by those in power to serve their interests.

Posted by: Stephen | Apr 6, 2006 7:10:18 PM

TY, Stephen. It's nice to hear words from others that fully agree with your belief. I especially like your last two sentences, although perhaps Jesus was abused by those in power precisely to serve the interests of those in power - both Roman and Jewish.

Posted by: JimPortlandOR | Apr 6, 2006 9:16:21 PM

In the 1st century of the Common Era, there was no Pope. Nor in the 2nd, or even the 3rd. The first evidence of the Bishop of Rome gaining any type of serious prestige is in the 4th century

Now we're going a bit off topic into church history, but Ezra did not say "the Pope" he said "church elders," by which I supposed he meant the bishops of the early church who did, in fact, hold regular synods throughout the early centuries of Christianity. While we shouldn't impose our 21st-century prejudices about the Catholic church on early Christianity, by the same token we shouldn't get the idea that "The Catholic Church" was invented overnight when Constantine signed the Edict of Milan.

Posted by: Constantine | Apr 7, 2006 2:47:40 AM

Constantine,

I was using the idea of the Pope - especially as the office is understood now - to illustrate how different the Church was in the first couple of centuries of the Common Era compared to now. My point was that there was no all-powerful hierarchy that was able to manipulate the canon, or anything else.

Posted by: Stephen | Apr 7, 2006 9:45:16 AM

If anyone's interested in a scholarly, yet approachable account of the time between the death of Jesus and the establishment of the Church as a theological entity, I highly recommend: "The Closing of the Western Mind : The Rise of Faith and the Fall of Reason" by Charles Freeman.

Contrary to some commenters and in line with Ezra's original post, I think any fair reader will come away with the firm understanding that the canon as we know it today is quite arbitrary indeed. Freeman traces the development of Christianity from the original, agonized eyewitnesses through to the Nicene council and beyond, together with the various Greek and other pagan influences that shaped that process. Scholars think there were something like 20 gospels of various vintages that were competing for inclusion into the faith, few of which were rejected for anything like what we would call a lack of provenance or authenticity. They were simply inconvenient to the ascendant factions.

Posted by: steveE | Apr 7, 2006 11:46:22 AM

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